Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) possess a unique ability to convert near-infrared (NIR) light into higher-energy visible light. This characteristic has led extensive investigation in numerous fields, including biomedical imaging, medicine, and optoelectronics. However, the potential toxicity of UCNPs poses significant concerns that demand thorou

Chemical formulas indicate the building blocks of matter. Grasping these formulas provides a critical basis for exploring the vast world of chemistry. They encode information about the types of atoms present in a material, as well as their relative quantities. A chemical formula can quickly depict the combination of atoms within a molecule, provid